In the late 1970s, NASA decided that, in addition to pilots, it needed some astronauts with more training in the sciences. More than 8,300 applied for a position, and she was one of only 35 chosen. Why, she later said, was a "complete mystery."
Ride went on to become the first American woman sent into space, the youngest American sent into space and the first woman to make two trips. She also was the sole astronaut appointed to the Rogers Commission to investigate the 1986 explosion of the shuttle Challenger.
FOR THE RECORD:
An earlier version of this article suggested that Ride founded her company, Sally Ride Science, in 1991. She founded the company in 2001.
Ride died Monday at her home in La Jolla after a 17-month battle with pancreatic cancer. She was 61.
Her trip into space made Ride a household name and a symbol of the ability of women to break the glass ceiling, inspiring generations of young girls and women who came after her.
"Sally Ride broke barriers with grace and professionalism ? and literally changed the face of America's space program," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said in a statement. "The nation has lost one of its finest leaders, teachers and explorers. Our thoughts and prayers are with Sally's family and the many she inspired. She will be missed, but her star will always shine brightly."
"The impact of Sally Ride and women like her cannot be overestimated," said Amy Mainzer, an astrophysicist who is a principal scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in La Ca?ada-Flintridge. "She was an 'existence proof,'" Mainzer told The Times. "She proved that it was possible to work in space physics and as a space scientist and be female at the same time. What she did was prove that you could make it all the way to the top and accomplish amazing things in these fields ? and still have a pair of ovaries."
The first woman in space was Russian cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova in 1963, but she was a former textile worker who was sent into space as "window dressing." The second was Svetlana Savitskaya, a former pilot who also was the first Russian woman space walker.
By contrast, Ride had much more extensive scientific training. She held a bachelor's degree in physics from Stanford University and a master's and doctorate in astrophysics from the same institution. Nonetheless, when NASA called her in 1978, she had to go back to school to study basic science and math, meteorology, guidance, navigation and computers. She also received flight instruction on a T-38 trainer jet, an experience that left her with a joy for flying.
In the week before her first shuttle flight, she told Newsweek that "I did not come to NASA to make history. It is important to me that people don't think I was picked for the flight because I am a woman and it is time for NASA to send one."
Ride served her time on the ground in preparation for her first flight. She was the capsule communicator for the second and third shuttle flights and helped develop the shuttle's robot arm. On June 18, 1983, she entered space aboard the shuttle Challenger for mission STS-7, becoming the first American woman and, at age 31, the youngest person in space. The crew deployed two communications satellites and conducted pharmaceutical experiments.
With Ride and Col. John M. Fabian operating the robot arm, it performed the first deployment and retrieval of a satellite.
Shortly after landing, Ride said, "The thing that I'll remember most about the flight is that it was fun. In fact, I'm sure it was the most fun that I will ever have in my life."
Ride was again aboard Challenger for mission STS-41, which launched on Oct. 5, 1984. This time, the arm was put to some unusual uses, including scraping ice off the shuttle's exterior and adjusting a radar antenna.
She was training for a third flight when the Challenger exploded in January 1986, and she was named to the Rogers Commission that investigated the disaster. During the probe, she was reportedly the only public figure to support Morton-Thiokol engineer Roger Boisjoly, who had warned of technical problems that led to the accident.
She was later quoted as saying that astronauts did not receive adequate warning about the potential dangers of the shuttle. She told the Chicago Tribune: "I think that we may have been misleading people into thinking that this is a routine operation."
Ride subsequently transferred to NASA's Washington headquarters and authored a report titled "Leadership and America's Future in Space." She also founded the agency's Office of Exploration before resigning in 1987 to work at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Arms Control.
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